Tuesday, September 15, 2020

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Friday, September 11, 2020

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Thursday, September 10, 2020

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Monday, September 7, 2020

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Wednesday, September 2, 2020

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Friday, August 28, 2020

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Wednesday, August 26, 2020

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Wednesday, August 12, 2020

The Chronicles of Argumentative Essay Topics about Poets

<h1> The Chronicles of Argumentative Essay Topics about Poets </h1> <h2> Argumentative Essay Topics about Poets - the Story </h2> <p>At times, it may be not as straightforward as ABC to be upbeat seeing someone. As a result the paper takes after an affection letter. Reusing ought to be obligatory for everyone. </p> <p>This article expects to manage capacity of the bbc already, toward the beginning, and see this understudy composed bit of work is only one of numerous that could be found in our. Understudies at Welton could have no other choice for what they have to do or which sort of individual they are keen on being. Yearly driving tests should be compulsory over a particular age. </p> <p>Many splendid people who made progress in life demonstrated really scholarly drop-outs. You need to make individuals adjust their perspective, and that is an extremely testing attempt! The deficiency of awesome help sources are going to bring about a lessening grade. While having connections, people understand that affection is like a bloom, which you should water in the event that you might want it to develop. </p> <p>Video games about soccer are incredibly reasonable. All year school is definitely not a smart thought. A few guidelines in soccer should be rethought. The point might be sufficiently explicit and center around two characters, or it might be expansive enough and furnish you with the choice to focus on any 2 things. </p> <h2> The Argumentative Essay Topics about Poets Pitfall</h2> <p>In picking your theme, it's habitually a smart thought to begin with a subject which you as of now have some commonality with. Mr Keating's train ing techniques are amazingly abnormal and conflict with the conventional qualities at that point. Another explanation is to see how well understudies contend on particular perspectives and show comprehension of the considered subject. On the other side, it's a topic that is far spoken about. </p> <h2>The Advantages of Argumentative Essay Topics about Poets </h2> <p>Recent pugnacious article points that are identified with society will do. Independent of the amount or assortment of exploration included, contentious papers must set an extremely clear proposal and follow sound thinking. A pugnacious exposition expects you to pick a point and have a situation on it. It is a specific sort of scholarly composition. </p> <h2> Getting the Best Argumentative Essay Topics about Poets </h2> <p>As enticing as it may seem to skirt past the additional data and go directly to the rundown of powerful paper points, don't do it. This point is amazingly troublesome and is ordinarily past the scope of the classes. It is far simpler at whatever point the subject has an enthusiastic foundation. This rundown of points may flexibly a thought you could get amped up for. </p> <p>So it bodes well that guardians start the long excursion of giving up! It is desirable over experience childhood in a family with a lot of siblings and sisters. Some vibe guardians should be permitted to give authorization to their minor youngsters to procure tattoos, since they are settling on the choice for their own kids. A minumum of one parent should work at home. </p> <h2>Introducing Argumentative Essay Topics about Poets </h2> <p>The web has made our life significantly simpler. Yearly driving tests should be obligatory for the underlying five years subsequent to acquiring a permit. Mobile phones shouldn't be utilized while driving. Guardians of menaces should need to pay a fine. </p> <h2>The Supreme Strategy f or Argumentative Essay Topics about Poets </h2> <p>Finding the most reasonable contentions can assist you with demonstrating your point and win. Getting in a situation to make a solid contention can assist you with prevailing in the public arena. Therefore, you shouldn't evade a touch of contention. Racial slurs should be unlawful. </p> <p>Teens ought to need to take child rearing classes. Life is far superior than it was 50 decades back. Understudies should be allowed to implore in school. Guardians ought to address kids about medications at an energetic age. </p> <p>Poets regularly use interesting expressions to support meaning. It is an aftereffect of the innovative virtuoso of the artists that their verse was valued. Artists Essay additionally addresses the lives of the famous artists from numerous areas of the planet. Artists Essay are accessible on the web and you'll have the option to buy writers exposition moreover. </p>

Sunday, August 2, 2020

Essay on Asian Parents - How to Avoid Using Stereotypes

<h1>Essay on Asian Parents - How to Avoid Using Stereotypes</h1><p>An article on Asian guardians can be hard to compose, on the grounds that there are such a large number of generalizations of Asian guardians that we are presented to in our day by day lives. To beat these issues and think of an incredible exposition, you have to realize how to maintain a strategic distance from regular mix-ups that a great many people make when composing an article on Asian parents.</p><p></p><p>Most papers on this point will have more than one generalization that is raised. In the event that you need to think of a decent exposition on Asian guardians, you have to figure out how to separate between the two. You have to realize how to utilize generalizations in your article, however not to where they devastate the general message of the essay.</p><p></p><p>There are a couple of straightforward approaches to abstain from having an exposi tion on Asian guardians destroyed by cliché proclamations. A few people even misstep generalizations for realities. They imagine that since they hear one generalization rehashed over that it must be true.</p><p></p><p>For model, if your grandma consistently disclosed to you that your mom's house was spooky, it is conceivable that the announcement is authentic. Notwithstanding, there are different things that she could have said that isn't genuine, for example, 'Your mom used to keep a flower shrubbery in her room since she was odd.' This is a basic case of when you have to isolate the two concepts.</p><p></p><p>'My mother used to state that she needed to return to her mom's house,' is a considerably more impartial articulation that doesn't reflect generalizations. It shows that you are making an effort not to put down an Asian culture.</p><p></p><p>Although the facts confirm that most Asian individuals have a g reat deal of conventions that include food, you can at present incorporate a portion of the regular generalizations. You can raise nothing new about the lady's sibling that used to get undermined. You can likewise raise the way that you or one of your family members has some Asian family members, regardless of whether it is just a cousin.</p><p></p><p>The primary concern to recall is that you don't have to make reference to everything about the way of life in your exposition. You simply need to utilize a couple of generalizations to show that you have found out about this culture and that you think about the basic qualities that are ascribed to the normal Asian person.</p><p></p><p>Just recall that you can really incorporate a similar regular contemplations without raising all the generalizations that are connected to the way of life. You simply need to find out about and find out about the qualities that are related with the way of li fe, and you will have an incredible article on Asian parents.</p>

Sunday, July 19, 2020

PSTD Essay Topics - Great Essays That Your Teachers Might Love to Read

<h1>PSTD Essay Topics - Great Essays That Your Teachers Might Love to Read</h1><p>A PSTD paper is an extraordinary method to discover help and get some more inspiration for your venture. All understudies and educators the same would need to support understudies and instructors concoct a few different ways to accomplish their objectives. A PSTD exposition causes an understudy to concoct a theme and the understudy or instructor can compose an organization that rotates around that point. PSTD paper points would be the method of data and this sort of exposition needn't bother with the assistance of the instructor.</p><p></p><p>In composing a PSTD article the understudy must have the option to think of some great themes that can be additionally evolved in the task. It is important to investigate on approaches to take care of issues looked by the understudies. PSTD article themes can incorporate a portion of the accompanying topics;</p><p& gt;</p><p>Students who need more inspiration and backing to do their tasks can scan for online gatherings where they can examine the subject of their venture. Gatherings would give them a smart thought about the manner in which they can improve their composing skills.</p><p></p><p>Student should peruse the accompanying passage and attempt to comprehend what the individual has composed '. You see that some framework, frameworks that we as the world class can comprehend, what we can call as information and how we can apply it, how it should work, what we as the regular masses can apply, how we can utilize, when we should utilize, how we can utilize this information, what we may or may not be able to without it, what is our temperament, what is our predetermination and what is our perspective'.</p><p></p><p>The educator or understudies ought to consistently be well prepared to take care of the issues introduced in the PSTD pap er. For understudies it is simpler to concentrate on how the exposition can be enhanced than on how they can transform the article into a satisfactory understanding material. Online discussions would be a decent wellspring of data about the subject of the project.</p><p></p><p>Some of the best PSTD paper themes are as per the following; a portion of the points that the understudies can look over are-National Security, News, Fear, Celebrity, Education, Politics, Terrorist Attack, Natural Disaster, Computer Crisis, Aging, Health Care and Debt, Religion, Sports, Politics, Sports Betting, Racing, The Middle East, Health Care, Debt Relief, Unemployment, Unemployment Rate, Class, Clichés, Liberal Arts, Criminal Justice, Education Reform, President Obama, Blogging, Ethics, Social Justice, What is Wisdom?</p><p></p><p>The specialists state that the best PSTD exposition subjects are investigated on the direct and afterward they are surveyed wi th a gathering of perusers. The specialists feel that they are composed by specialists and essayists with a great deal of understanding. Notwithstanding, the decisions would be exclusively the peruser's and the author's to make.</p><p></p><p>The greatest test for an understudy who is searching for a PSTD exposition theme is to discover a subject that is fascinating, convincing and simple to peruse. A large number of the individuals accept that a blend of innovativeness and solid composing abilities can create the best article. The most ideal approach to discover such themes is through the encounters of others who are specialists and have composed works that they are anxious to impart to the individuals who might want to gain from their experience.</p>

Thursday, July 9, 2020

Health Promotion Research Paper Topics

<h1>Health Promotion Research Paper Topics</h1><p>Health advancement inquire about paper subjects can fluctuate broadly and can cover the entire range of issues, from corpulence to family arranging. These are a portion of the more typical themes that understudies are approached to research and present in their exploration papers. While wellbeing advancement investigate has a rich history, today is as yet utilized as a stage for understudies to examine and investigate new subjects, for example, populace wellbeing, irresistible ailment, wellbeing measurements, and general wellbeing. In any case, regardless of whether these issues are new or old, there are some significant things to know about when expounding on them in a wellbeing advancement look into paper.</p><p></p><p>The first thing that understudies ought to consider is whether their subject is straightforwardly identified with the issues they will address in their examination is: would t hey say they are general wellbeing or network wellbeing laborers? General wellbeing experts will deliver issues explicit to their jobs while network wellbeing laborers will address issues from a more extensive perspective.</p><p></p><p>Next, it is significant for understudies to consider the sort of data they should remember for their wellbeing advancement look into paper. Understudies will as a rule need to give foundation data on the particular issue under investigation. This may incorporate family foundation data, foundation data on nearby associations and gatherings that work with the particular issue under examination, data on network insights and wellbeing incongruities, or even studies from different associations or from the network as a whole.</p><p></p><p>It is additionally significant for understudies to consider how well they will coordinate their insight to their point and whether their understudy's ability level fits the t heme well. It is frequently simple to discover people who can talk easily about a theme if the subject is wide and open finished. In any case, if the subject is progressively limited and increasingly obliged, it might be increasingly hard to track down individuals who can talk well on the topic.</p><p></p><p>Lastly, it is significant for understudies to consider the effect their theme will have on others. A few subjects might be disputable and will be tended to with alert by the individuals who may disapprove of specific articulations made on the theme. Notwithstanding, a few points might be too expansive subjects may not get much of anywhere without a direction or support.</p><p></p><p>From these tips, understudies can realize what subjects are famous among different understudies and which themes are the most trying for them to handle. When they know this, they can design their subjects and talk unhesitatingly about their thoughts, ju st as finding support from their teachers or group leaders.</p><p></p><p>The last suggestion on wellbeing advancement look into paper points is to deliberately pick the theme you pick cautiously. Before choosing a point, it is critical to talk with your educator. They can exhort you on the best point for you and assist you with arranging the most ideal approach to compose your paper.</p><p></p><p>There are numerous wellbeing advancement look into paper subjects out there. From stoutness to family arranging, understudies can choose a subject and endeavor to ensure that their points are as well as can be expected be!</p>

Friday, June 26, 2020

Techniques for How to Write a Research Paper on a Disease That Only the Experts Know

<h1> Techniques for How to Write a Research Paper on a Disease That Only the Experts Know </h1> <p>Not just inside the home, however in the schools as well, it's fundamental to keep a decent cleanliness condition. No big surprise, Apple is the costliest brand on earth and its yearly benefit is colossally high, since the creation is sold all through the world. The administration should be given free and be ideal. Right off the bat there are loads of chances of getting a pleasant activity, additionally can help other people with their dental consideration, procure awesome cash, and have an adaptable timetable. </p> <p>There are various approaches to do this. It is basic to take an astounding wellbeing history and physical assessment. On the off chance that you don't rest soundly, you're interfering with the procedure to keep up your general prosperity. The nursing method must be utilized with the essentials of the study of disease transmission so as to giv e the perfect consideration. </p> <h2> The New Angle On How to Write a Research Paper on a Disease Just Released </h2> <p>The specialist assesses the paper and every now and again contrasts it and various deals with exactly the same subject. While framing a postulation explanation for look into paper, an understudy should have the entire work on hands to gracefully an audit of the primary thoughts in the significant proclamation. On the off chance that he needs to figure out how to compose a theory for an examination paper, it is imperative to have a general image of the whole procedure. </p> <p>It's a paper, which plans to convey a concise subtleties on the examination you wish to direct, clarifying the chief reasons why it will be useful for the peruser and for the general public. You ought to concur it is more straightforward to build up the theory explanation of the paper when the rest of the piece of the pieces are composed than endeavoring to associate each passage with another subject sentence to the essential contention. There are loads of acceptable references to help you with inquire about philosophy and specialized composition. For any examination paper, there's consistently an undying desire a specific issue was illuminated that no one else has distributed at this point, in that writing. </p> <p>A chest X-beam is required to watch sores on the lungs that is welcomed on by tuberculosis. Hypertension may likewise create in light of an individual's own specific manner of life. In spite of the fact that the infection might be dealt with, delayed raised circulatory strain can cause serious outcomes like demise. It is fundamental for the medical attendant to help stop the spread of ailment and ailment in the network by providing training. </p> <p>Also, there are no known strategies of counteraction, since this sickness is essentially welcomed on by hereditary things. Dormant Tuberculosis Another sort of TB is known as Latent TB disease. It is likewise possible that prior resistance may impact the force of a resulting leptospiral contamination. Consider the infection that you're keen on the vast majority of all. </p> <p>The entire methodology of composing an examination paper can take calculable time on the grounds that there are numerous viewpoints to consider. Besides, it diary how a synopsis of the. An exploration paper includes looking over a field of information in order to get the most ideal data around there. It is generally the initial step for understudies to get financing for their undertaking, so it is significant to make a keen and profound paper.</p> <p>This sort of approach isn't just explicit yet furthermore makes the peruser gain lucidity on what you explicitly wish to talk about and along the strategy comprehend what things to envision from your paper in the long haul. The decision to actualize a courseware the executives framework can't be sorted out. The hardened structure means to uncover the perfect response to the built up inquire about issue with the guide of tenable data recovered from the legitimate sources. </p> <p>1 thing is without a doubt, journalists work pleasantly with formats. It's chiefly dependent upon the assortment of focuses that the author is intending to make reference to. Such a training may prompt allegations of plagiarism.</p> <h2> The Secret to How to Write a Research Paper on a Disease</h2> <p>Eating of food with more elevated cholesterol, taking an over the top measure of salt and sugar and poor physical wellness are a couple of the variables attributedto the development of hypertension. Halting smoking is only probably the best measure to limit the threat of cardiovascular infection. Albeit more research is vital, there may be an unmistakable frenzy psychosis determination. Presentation Hypertension, likewise generally known as huge circulatory strain, is among the most omnipresent yet nettlesome clinical issues influencing enormous quantities of individuals around the globe. </p> <h2> Life, Death and How to Write a Research Paper on a Disease</h2> <p>Click the request currently catch to get your paper done quick. Pick anything you need to discover increasingly about. </p> <p>A letter of assent will in like manner be sent to them along with an example duplicate of the survey which will be utilized, alongside the convention of the analyst. Since a writing audit is data thick, it's basic this segment is astutely organized to permit a peruser to get a handle on the vital contentions supporting your i nvestigation regarding that of various specialists. A significant need of global community explore endeavors must be to make a comprehensive Leptospira database curated by a pro gathering. Set the limits of your proposed research to have the option to introduce a perfectly clear core interest. </p> <p>A couple are still understudies. While the teacher and understudies aren't situated in a similar area, they are cooperating and conveying at the very same time. Around the globe, they can join a similar class, share data, and learn together. A few understudies essentially don't have adequate information for a positive occupation. </p>

Tuesday, June 16, 2020

Top Advice on Writing Essay about Your Major

<h1> Top Advice on Writing Essay about Your Major </h1> <p>ESL article composing is significantly simpler on the off chance that you keep some essential principles. Articles consistently begin with a straightforward presentation. Composing a determination is a huge part of any piece of composing. Scholarly exposition composing is a style that everybody can figure out how to deliver, when they know the essentials of composing an article. </p> <p>Most critically, a wide range of article composing requests the author to encounter the exposition barely any occasions before finishing the substance to make certain it is intelligible and succinct. Once in a while the journalists working with us aren't sure what their educator needs. These days you become familiar with the certified creative cycle. In the event that you produce your composing piece only for an instructor, he'll read it whether, yet on the off chance that you wish to cover more extensive crowd, you should interest them from the underlying sentences. </p> <h2> The Number One Question You Must Ask for Writing Essay about Your Major</h2> <p>The impact of result in the few types of circumstances and end results could differ and subsequently you have to have a perfectly clear handle of the circumstances and end results that you're going to make reference to in your article. Proof of doing so will be viewed as an infringement of scholastic honesty and will prompt a bombing grade. In the event that you haven't been alloted a theme, you have more work to do. To begin with, you ought to become familiar with the most significant subject of your work. </p> <h2> Choosing Good Writing Essay about Your Major</h2> <p>Persuasive composing is only one of the best sorts of writingit has the capacity to impact one's musings, and furthermore the capacity to adjust one's perspective on a particular issue. Also, you should work with motivation and endeavor to snatch the enthusiasm of instructors or different perusers. Proficient journalists can make any exposition inside the time allotment without constraining a customer to squander a lot of cash. </p> <h2> The Benefits of Writing Essay about Your Major </h2> <p>The paper ought not over-depend on one essential hotspot for most of the information. To buy article on the web, you just should fill in the application structure and you'll ge t great work on the ideal theme. Become accustomed to the sorts of points you may be mentioned to expound on. You may find instances of appropriate articles in a few specialties. </p> <h2> The Benefits of Writing Essay about Your Major </h2> <p>Together with the UK Essay Help students can't be worried about the time yet take pleasure in a total life. Last, audit what you've composed. Each semester has scarcely any tests which you'll have the option to maintain a strategic distance from. </p> <h2> Where to Find Writing Essay about Your Major</h2> <p>So, it's fundamental to see how to compose it. Fortunately, changing my major and taking classes in different offices is made extraordinarily basic, so I figured out how to search for courses which I was genuinely intrigued by when I started to consider potentially profession ways. Pick the correct total of classes comprising of subjects that you find intriguing. </p> <h2>The Num ber One Question You Must Ask for Writing Essay about Your Major </h2> <p>When you know your significant point, you can create short paper program. Before you begin composing, it's critical to make a diagram with the exploration that you may have done about this issue. While an exposition is a sizable venture, there are a few stages an understudy can bring which will help separate the undertaking into sensible pieces. The exposition bit of the application is fundamental since it gives us more knowledge into what your identity is and who you wish to be. </p> <p>If your acquaintance doesn't empower you with straightforwardly segue into a specific program or intrigue, it can likely be erased without changing the importance of the paper for an entirety. Indeed, structure is a somewhat significant segment of your paper. For example, in case you're expounding on a past occasion, make a concise presentation. Ensure the presentation completely expresses the point of article together with the impacts and causes in question. </p> <p>Then you should make sense of how you can better your exposition to accomplish your mentors guidelines. There are over twelve sorts of papers, in this way it's anything but difficult to get befuddled. A scholastic article should offer a decent, easy to refute proposition that is then bolstered by important evidencewhether that be from various sources or from somebody's own exploration. Among various types of composing, an educational article is the most much of the time experienced. </p> <p>When you have made a paper plan (see the earlier area), you should be in a situation to make a basic prologue to your article. You've quite recently composed a recognized paper. Before you even start composing a paper, it is essential to comprehend what you wish to state. Composing a decent application paper shouldn't be a battle. </p>

Wednesday, June 3, 2020

Thesis Statement Informational Essay Samples Elementary Secrets

<h1>Thesis Statement Informational Essay Samples Elementary Secrets </h1> <p>Your sources should be tenable and definitive. The definition exposition has become the most essential sort of an educational article. 'Educational expositions are accessible in numerous structures,' she clarified. </p> <p>You may investigate our Essay Outline Template to watch the structures that you can use recorded as a hard copy enlightening papers and different sorts of pieces. In addition, the proposition explanation ought to be placed in the absolute first passage of the exposition or in the presentation. It ought to be explicit and not very expansive. A proposition is the central thought of your exposition, which you'll have the option to define in various proclamations. </p> <h2> The Fight Against Thesis Statement Informational Essay Samples Elementary </h2> <p>Formulate a reasonable title, demonstrating what will be examined. To have the option to successfully finish the article, an individual must build up a general closing proclamation. The veritable proposal proclamation is both exact and right to the point yet some clarification was given to expound the particulars of the investigation. </p> <h2>Here's What I Know About Thesis Statement Informa tional Essay Samples Elementary </h2> <p>An astounding exact supposition is critical to the peruser's understanding of the reason for the exposition. The more extensive theory needs more proof and you'll have to persuade your peruser your position is great. In the event that it happens to you, and you can't stand to give a fortune on the arrangement, pick a modest on-line exposition composing administration, which conveys custom works of the high caliber. Depending on our proposition scholars, to begin with, you spare your time and can be sure of the correct bore of the substance you will get. </p> <p>The second model consolidates the basic considerations and proof which you will use to persuade your peruser. The proposal explanation should tell the peruser where you're going with your response to the study, and open up the rest of the scrutinize. In convincing composition, it is especially significant on the grounds that it typifies decisively what you are planning to convince your perusers of. Likewise, remember that it must not endure conclusion, which is the reason the model is quick to call attention to that the article is about craftsmanship as one of the noteworthy consequences of the Era, not the sole significant item. </p> <h2> The Awful Side of Thesis Statement Informational Essay Samples Elementary</h2> <p>Get the help of pro exposition composing administration to procure instructive paper Many understudies wish to speak to the perfect article in school, higher school and school to really feel pleased before schoolmates, instructors, and guardians. All things considered, higher school kids wish to drive all over. In eighth level, understudies use each period of the composing methodology and keep on developing their comprehension of composing shows. In spite of the fact that the rubrics aren't expressly made to be used as instructional assets, the division specifies the composing rubrics early so instructors can get ready understudies for the composing area of the TNReady appraisal. </p> <p>Informative composing enables you to share confounded proposals and themes at all muddled way conceivable. Having someone else edit your exposition is consistently an extraordinary thought. The absolute initial step to composing an enlightening article is to choose a point that is applicable to the given brief. The best enlightening expositions aren't just instructive, they're likewise fascinating and intriguing. </p> <p>It should be immediate to the point and the announcement should be in a situation to respond to a specific inquiry. At the point when you plunk down to create a proposition proclamation, ensure you have an unmistakable feeling about your subject. The announcement must be the perfect mix of expansive yet restricted, to manage the author and the peruser likewise in the length of the article. At the point when the postulation proclamation is done, authors are presently ready to consider supporting subjects which are the substance of the article's body. </p> <p>So as to make a decent paper, it's required to have a solid understanding of the subject issue. One of the main motivations behind an enlightening article is to leave individuals alone instructed on current issues so they can consider explicit way of activities dependent on how they accept the issue must be settled. In the occasion you're uncertain to pay an individual to form your paper, investigate different aspects of our sites or contact our help group for any additional rules. Alongside the 3 techniques, there are various methods by which you can compose an instructive exposition that conveys a definition. </p> <p>Obviously, it isn't the perfect plan to repeat a postulation in an end in the indistinguishable path as it's been written in the presentation. A theory is the outcome of a long reasoning methodology. Assuming there is any chance of this happening, have another person perused your article and give their tips for development. Your exposition may consolidate the clarifications for high schooler pregnancy and discussion about the ongoing paces of adolescent pregnancy and potential solutions.</p> <h2> Whispered Thesis Statement Informational Essay Samples Elementary Secrets</h2> <p>On the other side, concocting instructive paper thoughts will barely be an issue. It tends to be easy to think, while scanning for exposition composing help, that the utilization of instances of useful articles could be a straightforward technique for finding the work done. An enlightening article is just about the hardest kind of task that ought to be done with outright consideration and concern. An enlightening paper might be utilized for a lot of purposes since there are a lot of things which are going on in our everyday lives. </p>

Tuesday, June 2, 2020

Cyclical Curses The Victimization of Black Masculinity and A Historical Look at the Legacy of Intraracism in Alice Walker’s The Color Purple - Literature Essay Samples

The Color Purple is arguably the most influential and well-known book of Alice Walker’s literary opus. It won the Pulitzer Prize; it was adapted into a successful film; and it has continued to spark controversy and debate since its publication. Most of the controversy surrounding this piece centers on the role of African American men in Walker’s writing. She appears to have an unrestrained anger towards black men, and those men may well be stripped of power in her writing, but I would posit that this portrayal of black men is due more to the amount of social, legal, and historical detriments weighing down on them than to Walker’s personal vendetta. She is portraying a certain aspect of black masculinity associated with the time period and setting of the novel. The men—volatile and malicious as they are—are just as victimized by their circumstances as the women are. The racial confines of a white power structure relegated these men to a bestial exist ence, and this relegation was so powerful and complete that it became self-sustained in the psyche of many African-American communities—a self-perpetuating curse. This is proven in The Color Purple by the fact that almost all of the violence and depravity is directed towards an African American by an African American; the Caucasian community is largely unrepresented, only appearing at key moments to initiate violence in the black community in order to keep the black characters in a self-sustained submissive role. The male characters are, in effect, simultaneously cursed by both the exterior white society and their own black society. They become the victims of a cycle of degradation and disenfranchisement that spreads to all around them and whose repercussions span far beyond the annals of history and the confines of Walker’s novel. One of the most poignant moments in Alice Walker’s The Color Purple occurs as Celie, the book’s protagonist, is leaving her abusive husband Albert—a man she submissively refers to as â€Å"Mister.† After years of abuse and neglect at his hands, Celie leaves him with a curse: â€Å"I curse you †¦ Until you do right by me, everything you touch will crumble †¦ Until you do right by me †¦ everything you even dream about will fail †¦ Every lick you hit me you will suffer twice †¦ The jail you plan for me is the one in which you will rot †¦ Anything you do to me already done to you† (Color Purple 213-214). If he is to be judged by his actions, Albert is deserving of a much harsher jinx: he attempts to rape Celie’s sister Nettie, whom he wished to marry initially; when Nettie fights off his attack, he swears that neither sister will ever hear from the other—a promise that he keeps for years as he hides the letter s that Nettie sends from Africa (131); and he makes Celie do the majority of the work around the farm (27-28). Couple all this with his constant physical and mental abuse (23), and the character of Albert is unforgivable. The problem here is that Albert is just one in a succession of unforgivable male characters. As Stacie Lynn Hankinson puts it: â€Å"He explodes into an archetype—one in which Pa, Harpo, and all other men are also cast† (323). It would appear that Walker has taken all of the erroneous, racial stereotypes associated with men of color—idleness, brutality, mental ineptitude, etc.—and personified them in the men in her book. Celie’s stepfather rapes her multiple times and gives the resulting children away (1-4), and her stepson Harpo is too stupid to realize that his wife needs love and support rather than discipline and abuse (37-39). In her article â€Å"On The Color Purple, Stereotypes, and Silence,† Trudier Harris discusses the reaction of one of her male students to the portrayal of these men. She writes: This student maintained that Walker had very deliberately deprived all the black male characters in the novel of any positive identity. From giving Albert a blank instead of a name, to having the only supportive males be young and potheads or middle-aged and henpecked †¦ to giving Du Bois last name a different spelling, this student thought black men had been stripped of their identities and thus their abilities to assume the roles of men. †¦ All the men, the student concluded, fit into that froglike perception Celie has of them. And the problem with these frogs? None of them can turn into princes. (158-159) Harris shares this view. She says, â€Å"The novel gives validity to all the white racists notions of pathology in black communities. For these spectator readers, black fathers and father-figures are viewed as being immoral, sexually unrestrained. Black males and females form units without the benefit of marriage, or they easily dissolve marriages in order to form less structured, more promiscuous relationships† (157). This argument appears even more valid when viewed through the lens of Walker’s own womanist ideology. In In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens, Walker defines her term thusly: â€Å"Womanist: A black feminist or feminist of color. . . . A woman who loves other women, sexually and/or nonsexually. Appreciates and prefers women’s culture, women’s emotional flexibility . . . and women’s strength. Sometimes loves individual men, sexually and/or nonsexually. Committed to survival and wholeness of entire people, male and female. [emphasis added]† (xi). Walker uses the plural in regard to â€Å"other women,† thus connoting that all women are included in this decree, yet she uses the terms â€Å"sometimes† and â€Å"individual† in regards to men, limiting their interaction and importance. That is, all women are automatically included in Walker’s philosophy, but only certain â€Å"individual† men are welcomed, and only at certain points. It would appear that Walker is maliciously painting a picture of male ineptitude and depravity, and other critics have spoken out about her perceived animosity towards black men. One such critic is Candice Marie Jenkins, who says, â€Å"Perhaps even more significantly, however, Walkers writing, and particularly her 1982 novel The Color Purple, also engages in a project of ‘queering’ the black family, reshaping it in unconventional ways that divest its black male members of a good deal of power, thereby reconfiguring the very meaning of kinship for black sons, brothers, and especially fathers† (970). While Jenkins’s idea is understandable, she does fail to recognize that these black males had long been divested of power by the social structures around them. Their relationships had been undermined and reconfigured by the institutions of slavery, Jim Crow, and segregation long before Alice Walker presented these characters in print. Another writer points out that Steven Spielberg’s movie version of the novel re-empowers the male characters in order to appeal to a mainstream audience, thus supporting the idea that Walker’s original portrayal of black masculinity is unappealing: in â€Å"The Return of the Father in Spielberg’s The Color Purple,† Carol Dole says, â€Å"The added subplot [of Shug Avery’s reunion with her father]. . . embodies the return in the film of the patriarchal structures that Walker’s novel works to undermine. In reinscribing such structures, it helps to undercut the novel’s unacceptable ideology. [This] is just one of several modifications that make the film more palatable to the mainstream viewer. (15) While all of these arguments against Walker’s portrayal of black men are justified, none of them takes into account the notion that the men presented were acting in these horrific ways because they were victims of horrific circumstances. The first glimpse of African American male victimization we see in The Color Purple is in the story of Celie and Nettie’s biological father. Walker writes that their father was a â€Å"well-to-do farmer† who â€Å"decided to open a store.† His store was prosperous, so he asked his brothers to help him manage both it and the blacksmith shop behind it. His enterprise became more and more successful; he eventually began to take both white and black customers away from the local white businessmen. Because of this, he and his brothers were hanged, and the store and smithy were destroyed (180-181). This is the moment that begins Celie’s descent into hardship, for it can be conjectured that her life would have been at leas t somewhat easier if her wealthier and more industrious father had lived. This is also the moment when the white power structures first commandeer the story of the novel. According to Edward Hatfield: †¦whites resorted to lynching to maintain the regions racial caste system. Between 1882 and 1930, Georgias [the setting of The Color Purple] toll of 458 lynch victims was exceeded only by Mississippis 538 †¦ In Georgia and throughout the rural South, lynching assumed enormous significance, not only because it functioned as a form of vigilantism but also because it provided a visible and ritualistic reaffirmation of white supremacy. The male characters in the novel would be all too familiar with this type of â€Å"vigilantism;† they would see, through Celie’s father’s murder, exactly where hard work would get them and exactly how quickly the white power structure could strike down any African American advancement. Of course, there are countless examples of men who are victimized by racial hatred who do not turn into abusive, neglectful husbands and fathers, but those men are not found in this particular setting in Walker’s novel, primarily because they were not found in Walker’s personal life. Cynthia Cole Robinson describes Walker’s father as a hard man who â€Å"sometimes hit [Walker’s] mother† and who took her brothers to the fields so they could watch animals mating. Robinson says, â€Å"He saw this as a certain bonding between he [sic] and his sons since it prepared them for their lives as ‘men’† (298-299). Robinson, paraphrasing Wa lker, continues: â€Å"This desire to sexually conquer women can be described as phallocentricism, and in regard to African-American men, it is viewed as a way for them to claim power in a patriarchal society that has not allowed them the means to define themselves in the traditional patriarchal sense, i.e., through financial avenues† (299). There had been a direct assault on the African American family beginning with slavery, an institution which was abolished a mere seventy to eighty years before the initial events in the novel take place. That legacy, coupled with the various rules and mores established to keep African American populations in a powerless state, is what makes the novel’s men what they are. Walker is simply writing what she knows to be her own personal truth, but it is a truth shared by many African Americans. The racially charged history of masculine disenfranchisement leading to masculine depravity was established by a racist white culture, but it has been perpetuated by a racist black one. Barbara Omalade says, â€Å"†¦family members have used skin color, hair length and texture, body size, and African-ness of features to evaluate Black girls. . . . Adult Black women recall that heavier and short-haired girls received more negative feedback from family members about their looks and personality than lighter, thinner and long-haired girls (141). The men are cursed by white society to be powerless and destitute, the women are then cursed by the men who have limited outlets to express their anger, and thus the victimized women, in retaliation for their abuse at the hands of both white society and black men, curse their male oppressors. The cycle is complete, and the white power structure fades into the background as the black social structure keeps the cycle spinning. The same black-on-black hate is found in The Color Purple in the story of Harpo and Sofia. Their relationship begins with love and passion: â€Å"Used to be when he touch me I’d go all out my head,† Sofia says, â€Å"†¦I used to chase him home from the field. Git all hot just watching him put the children to bed† (Walker 69). Their relationship has changed because of Harpo’s obsession with Sofia being an obedient wife. Harpo asks his father how â€Å"to make Sofia mind,† and Albert responds with â€Å"You ever hit her? †¦ Wives is like children. You have to let ‘em know who got the upper hand. Nothing can do that better than a good sound beating† (37). This scene illustrates how brutality against African Americans by their own culture is seemingly hereditary in this novel, as Albert is passing down his own brutish ways to his son just as he presumably received them from his own father. This is an element only hinted at in the book, but developed more fully in the film. According to Dole it is during the dinner party scene, when Celie expresses her anger and hatred towards Albert, that his father chides her by saying, â€Å"You can’t talk to my boy that way!† Sofia cuts in with â€Å"Your boy? Seems like if he hadn’t been your boy he might of made somebody a halfway decent man† (13). Dole concludes this analysis by saying, â€Å"The film’s vilification of Mister’s father thus removes part of Mister’s responsibility for his mistreatment of his wife† (13). But this leads viewers and readers to wonder who is then responsible for Mister’s father’s villainy. As a black man from an older generation, he was arguably exposed to more virulent forms of racism. He, like countless others, was born and raised in the shadow of ancestral slavery while simultaneously seeing the effects of Jim Crow law in Georgia. He was part of an outcast group who wer e taught to avert their gazes from white women, to never even offer to shake hands with a white man, to always remove their hats in the presence of whites, and to always refer to whites as sir or ma’am, no matter the age of the speaker and the addressee (Kennedy 209-216). These are but a few of the unwritten statutes used to negate the humanity of people of color during the time period of The Color Purple. All this hatred had to find an outlet, and the most readily available one was the women. Thus racism effectively altered the natural affection between husband and wife/father and child for many (though certainly not all) black men. Walker had seen this alteration first-hand. In In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens, she states that â€Å"[her father] did fall in love with [her] mother partly because she was so light; he never denied it.† (330) Furthermore: Mamie, Walker’s oldest sister, was considered to be his favorite among what she calls his first set of children because of her complexion, â€Å"Mamie was favorite among the first. In her case the favoritism seemed outwardly caused by her very light color . . .† Walker was considered ‘Daddy’s Favorite’ among the second set due to her ‘good hair.’ â€Å"In my case, my father seemed partial to me because of my ‘smartness’ and forthrightness, but more obviously because of my hair, which was the longest and ‘best’ in the family.† (qtd. in Robinson 301) Second-class citizenry based on physical traits had been such an integral part of African American existence that both Walker’s family and her characters begin to believe it and promote it with little influence from white society. It is such a strong force in their minds that it reaches into the spiritual realm as well. Shug Avery says it best when she responds to Celie’s statement that Jesus had hair â€Å"like lamb’s wool†: â€Å"Well . . . if he came to any of these churches we talking bout he’d have to have it conked before anybody paid him any attention. The last thing niggers want to think about they God is that his hair kinky† (202). Perhaps the most shocking example of intraracism is when Celie gives Harpo the same advice that Albert had given him. â€Å"Beat her,† she says (Color Purple 37-38). This is another pivotal moment in the book because it shows how Celie has come to accept her treatment at the hands of men as normal and acceptable, and how she has no reservations in seeing violence against other women of color around her. For this brief moment, she has given into the same racist mentality to which the men in the book acquiesce. She has started to believe that she is something less than human because she is an African American and a woman. She is jealous of the happiness that Harpo and Sofia share and the independence that Sofia has, so she caters to her baser side and wants to see Sofia brought low. She has fulfilled a cyclical curse of black-on-black hatred with no interference from the white community at large. The racism is largely self-inflicted at this point. The character of Harpo is an excellent example of African American male victimization in The Color Purple as well. He is introduced to readers as a violent young man who â€Å"laid [Celie’s] head open† with a rock on her wedding day, yet he is also given a tender side. We know that his mother died in his arms (Color Purple 13) and that he has tenderness for Sofia, as evidenced by his tears when discussing their marital problems with Celie (66). These tears are symbolic of his internal struggle. He wants a wife that will â€Å"mind† because that is what his society and family have dictated that he must have, but he also shows an ability to transcend these stereotypes in his love of Sofia and in the fact that â€Å"he love cooking and cleaning and doing little things around the house† (63). The pressure of the opposing forces within him—that is, the desire to have a loving relationship with a woman and the desire to live up to sexist social expectatio ns of how black men and women should behave and interact—creates the stress that he expresses in tears and binge eating (62-64). Sofia and Celie have a telling conversation which shows that Harpo has given in to his father’s/society’s dictates. Celie quotes Sofia as saying: I don’t like to go to bed with him no more. †¦ Once he get on top of me I think bout how that’s where he always wanted to be. †¦ Now I feels tired all the time. No interest. †¦ You know the worst part? she say. The worst part is I don’t think he notice. He git up there and enjoy himself just the same. No matter what I’m thinking. No matter what I feel. It just him. Heartfeeling don’t even seem to enter into it. She snort. The fact that he can do it like that make me want to kill him. (69) This is a direct juxtaposition to Celie’s intimate experiences with Albert. â€Å"Mr.______ clam up on top of me, do his business,† she says, â€Å"in ten minutes we both asleep† (69). Harpo has started to imitate his father, a man who tries to imitate his own father who was ultimately trying to hold on to what little vestiges of power were left to him by white society at large. As if to underscore the root of this cycle, Sofia—the muse of Harpo’s kinder qualities—is beaten and imprisoned for defending herself against a white man who slaps her for speaking harshly to his wife (90-91). That is, Harpo is incapable of escaping the masculine brutality of his society as dictated by the men who came before him, and his reason for trying in the first place—Sofia—is thrown in jail because of her strength and pride. The connection between male victimization and intraracism is one of social expectation and mimicry. Men in the time period represented in the book were expected to be the leaders of their homes and families. The African American men in The Color Purple, being stripped of any power outside of their own familial circle, created toxic relationships with the women and children in their lives by embodying the perceived attributes of the white establishment. Celie’s stepfather explains the desires of the white power structure thusly: â€Å"But the fact is, you got to give ‘em something. Either your money, your land, your woman or your ass. So what I did was just right off offer to give ‘em money† (Color Purple 188). The men in the novel adopt the desires they have seen in their own oppressors: it can be inferred that Celie’s stepfather marries her mother for her money and land (181), and all of the main male characters demonstrate a loveless sexual desire f ueled by domination more than affection (62-64, 69, et.al.). They are driven by these desires—money, land, and sex—and the female characters bear the brunt of their dominance. This is why there is not a single long-lasting monogamous relationship in the novel; this is also why the intraracist concepts are so prominent. The female characters are victimized by both white society and the patriarchal confines of their own families; with no recourse for attacking the white society, they turn their hatred to their closest oppressors: the African American men around them who are mimicking white racist ideology. Candice Jenkins gives a perfect example of this mimicry and its immediate effect. She says that the title â€Å"Mister† is a â€Å"subtle reminder† of white supremacy; â€Å"†¦ if every southern white man is ‘Mister’ and every black man ‘boy,’ then the black men in Walkers text are scripted into a pattern of titular naming that even without direct reference to whiteness is informed by racial hierarchies† (981). Celie refers to nearly every man in the novel as â€Å"Mister† (Jenkins 981), thus expressing her subordination to them through the racial terms of her day. While no major Caucasian characters can be found in the novel, the presence of white power structures is constantly lurking in the background to remind the reader of the source of the novel’s intraracism. Celie’s stepfather’s lynching—he was murdered solely because he was more successful than his white contemporaries—is the first example, but Sofia’s beating, arrest, imprisonment, and forced servitude is another. While on an outing to town, Sofia, her prizefighter boyfriend, and her children are approached by the white mayor and his wife, Miss Millie. After condescendingly commenting on how â€Å"clean† the children are and how they have â€Å"such strong white teef [sic],†and after noticing Sofia’s car and wristwatch, the mayor’s wife asks her, â€Å"Would you like to work for me? Be my maid?† Sofia responds with a curt â€Å"Hell no† (Color Purple 90). At that moment, the mayor steps in to defend hi s wife; he slaps Sofia, and Sofia knocks him down. Six policemen attack her; they crack both her skull and her ribs, put out one of her eyes, and â€Å"rip her nose loose on one side† (91). She is so swollen that her tongue protrudes, and she is held in prison for eleven years (92). It is no coincidence that this occurs at a moment in the novel in which the black characters are prospering. Harpo has a moderately successful juke joint (84-85), and Sofia, if the mayor’s wife’s noticing of her car and timepiece is an indicator, is financially secure. To keep the concept of the cyclical curse in motion, Walker chooses this point to have the white power structure step into the rising action of the novel. To reiterate the concept of the cyclical curse between the African American characters, though, Walker shifts the blame for Sofia’s predicament in part to Harpo. Celie says, â€Å"If you hadn’t tried to rule over Sofia the white folks never would have caught her.† Harpo says it is a lie, to which Sofia responds with â€Å"A little truth in it† (207). This exchange takes place in yet another important dinner scene. This scene is noteworthy because it is the moment in which the women—Shug, Celie, and Mary Agnes, specifically—stand together to announce their imminent departure (Color Purple 208-209) and to show their independence from the men. Their dinner is suddenly interrupted by â€Å"Eleanor Jane, the white girl Sofia used to work for† (210). Eleanor Jane’s appearance causes an abrupt end to the discussion, thus, even for just a moment, silencing the conversation of the women’s liberation. She brings Sofia out to the porch for a conversation readers are not privy to, but the characters can hear her â€Å"really boo-hoo† (210). All readers are told is that there is â€Å"a lot of mess back at the house† (211). In this subtle, symbolic way, Walker is yet again showing how the white power structure is perpetually lingering, waiting for a moment of strength or camaraderie among the A frican American community to present itself for attack. The final instance in which a Caucasian character abruptly appears is during the subplot of Nettie and Samuel. On their ocean voyage with Adam and Olivia to England, the missionaries meet Doris Baines, the daughter of a wealthy British Lord. She is on her way home with an African child to whom she refers as her grandson. She explains that, while she came from wealth and luxury, she always wanted to be her own independent, educated woman. She refused to marry, despite her family’s multiple requests, and she used missionary work as a means of escape. She tells Nettie and Samuel that she is a well-known writer under the pseudonym Jared Hunt, and that her entire missionary career in Africa was spent writing novels; at the same time, though, she used her finances and fame to better the natives to which she was assigned without interfering with or altering their native ways. She built â€Å"a hospital†¦a grammar school† and â€Å"†¦a college† (Color Purple 23 4-236). The young man with her is actually the child of one of two native women whose educations she sponsored (237). She is the antithesis to the rest of the Caucasian characters in the book. She serves as a counterpoint to the men who lynched Celie’s father and to Miss Millie, but her status as a foreigner takes her out of the cycle. She is external to the American racial paradigm, and the fact that Walker had to create a foreign white character in order to have a likable white character is further proof of the prevalence of an American white power structure. Nettie and Samuel’s response to her story is telling as well. They become â€Å"bored† with it eventually (235) and listen in â€Å"more or less respectful silence† (237). They are unaffected by her story because they too are outside of the cycle; they have been away from the Americas for so long that they no longer see the peculiarity of this woman’s situation. Thus, all of the white charac ters—despite their being the subject of so few pages—serve either to show directly the white power structures covertly operating just out of sight or to highlight the idea that these structures are unique to the American zeitgeist at this point in history. The cycle of white supremacy resulting in intraracism is by and large an American ordeal. Both laws and social stratification have kept people of color in a minority status for generations. The idea that Alice Walker’s writing is anti-male and misrepresentative of masculinity is far from a new notion as well, but the concept that Walker’s representation of men in The Color Purple is accurate for many in rural African American communities and that those men were victims of their circumstances as well is largely absent from the literary critical dialogue surrounding the novel. This is well worth the discussion for a few reasons, the largest reason being that the repercussions of self-inflicted racism can be seen in day-to-day life. My role as an educator affords me a daily interaction with students of all ethnic backgrounds. By seeing the lack of racial awareness between race groups, I am constantly reminded of how far we have come as a nation in regards to race relations; however, one aspect of my daily interaction with students is chilling. While the racial stratifications of yesteryear are largely disappearing from the minds of youth in general, they are as present as ever in the interpersonal interactions of young African Americans. The majority of the insults I hear between youth of color, whether intended for jest or for abuse, center on skin color and hair texture. I still hear these young men and women making decisions about dates and future relationships primarily because of the brightness or darkness of someone’s flesh. I believe this to be the direct outcome of the centuries of oppression and negation inflicted by white power structures, despite the fact that those power structures have been i ntegrated or nonexistent for years. There is no need for a white power structure to suppress rural black communities any longer because the rural black communities—if the young people I have encountered in various geographical locations are any indicator—are suppressing themselves. Of course, this does not mean that white youth are free from racist ideas or that they do not berate one another in horrible ways; it does mean that, from this writer’s perspective as an educator, their barbs never focus specifically on characteristics of color when interacting within a Caucasian circle. This is what the curse of institutionalized racism has created: a young culture whose knee-jerk response to one another is racial stereotyping and what Walker refers to as â€Å"colorism.† According to Walker, â€Å"colorism† is the â€Å"prejudicial or preferential treatment of same-race people based solely on their color† (qtd. Robinson 290). In essence, it is t he idea that lighter skin is somehow better or more desirable than darker skin, or that straighter hair is more desirable than kinky or curly hair, in African American people. This of course hearkens back to the days when appearing white meant the difference between employment and unemployment, social acceptability and chastisement, and, in some instances, life and death. . In â€Å"The Paper Bag Principle: Of the Myth and the Motion of Colorism,†Audrey Elissa Kerr traces this notion to the time of slavery. She says: Because the ability to purchase lightskinned fancy slaves with long hair and European features was a marker of wealth (such women went for extremely high prices on auction blocks), light skin was an indication of status for white communities long before light complexion became a mark of status in black communities. It is no surprise that, in every nation that had contact with the African slave trade, there is a version of color politics playing out in terms of economic, political, and social power. (273) It is understandable that centuries of oppression would mar the psyche of many modern African American youths to the point that they still accept the notion that whiter is better. The historical record shows that this notion of intraracism was not limited to rural communities, though. Kerr explains how, from the turn of the century to as recently as the 1990’s, color tests have been used to determine membership in social clubs and organizations and acceptance into certain schools and colleges, both those managed by Caucasians and those managed by African Americans. One such test was known as â€Å"the paper bag test.† Attendees of these clubs, or students enrolled in these educational institutions, had to have a complexion lighter than a paper bag (281-284). This was particularly true among the quadroon and octoroon communities in New Orleans, but these ridiculous color lines were found (and perhaps originated) in larger urban areas such as New York; Washington, D.C.; Cleveland; and Philadelphia (284). And, according to one of Kerr’s interviews, they were more strictly enforced at historically black colleges: During the late 1980’s, one young woman was studying at Rutgers. She claims that it was well known that the Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority had had a paper bag test for its applicants. While the actual testing had disappeared years before, the members were all still noticeably light skinned. This was blatantly obvious in sororities across the country, but especially at those associated with historic black universities (286). The bitter irony of intraracial prejudice is seen in Candice Marie Jenkins’s concept of â€Å"the salvific wish.† She postulates that the salvific wish is â€Å"an aspiration, most often but not only middle-class and female, to save or rescue the black community from white racist accusations of sexual and domestic pathology, through the embrace of conventional bourgeois propriety† (973). That is, African Americans could rid themselves of the inferior attributes commonly associated with them in years past by embracing typical middle-class etiquette. According to Jenkins , the establishment of this etiquette was brought to fruition in â€Å"social institutions such as the black womens club movement† (973). The irony is in Kerr’s hypothesis that several of these institutions were elitist—only admitting people of certain hues. Thus, the rules of segregation passed from the realm of white racism into the realm of African American social interaction. A perfect example of this can be found in recent work by the African American artist Nate Hill. His project, entitled Trophy Scarves, involves him carrying semi-nude white women on his shoulders to â€Å"tackle the notion of non-White males using Caucasian women to elevate their own social statuses† (Gedeon). One commenter at Vice.com says that this art relates to the idea that many African American men, â€Å"immediately upon gaining success,† either marry or have a relationship with a Caucasian woman, and â€Å"they do it for a number of reasons: because white women are the beauty standard, because of internalized racism,† and/or â€Å"because they want children with lighter skin than their own† (qtd. by Gedeon). If skin tone is such a pressing social issue in modern society that it inspires performance art pieces, one can safely assume that it would have been an even larger issue in the rural, pre-Civil Rights Era setting of The Color Purple. This cycle of intraracial prejudice is expressed in The Color Purple in several ways—from Harpo’s initial attraction to Sofia because she is â€Å"pretty† and has â€Å"bright skin† (31) to Mary Agnes’s awareness of her own light complexion when she asks Harpo â€Å"†¦do you really love me or just my color?† (102). There is even a suggestion of intraracism in Sophia’s father’s dislike of Harpo. Celie tells us that Harpo is â€Å"tall and skinny, black [emphasis added] like his mama† (24), and Sofia’s father, when asked why Harpo is not good enough for his daughter, responds with â€Å"[His] mammy† (30). While he continues with â€Å"Somebody kill her† (30), there is a subconscious barrier set to keep Sofia’s â€Å"bright skin† from mingling with Harpo’s â€Å"black.† There is something in Harpo that Sofia’s father does not trust. It leads her father to listen to every conversation the couple has (30). However, the incident that is most prominent is, in its own way, another curse. As Celie is walking out the door to go with Shug to Memphis, and in the midst of her hurling her previously mentioned curse in his face, Albert returns the favor: â€Å"Look at you. You black, you pore [sic], you ugly, you a woman. . .you nothing at all† (213). He begins his retort with an attack on the color of her skin, thus perpetuating the racist notion that blackness is somehow ugly or less desirable. This notion has become part of his mentality in the absence of any outside pressure. This is a symbolic scene, as the primary male character curses and is in return cursed by the female protagonist; in this scene, they have become the perpetrators of their own degradation. Albert, as a man of color in a time and place where his very skin incriminates him, is jealous of Celie’s newfound voice and power. He has been cursed to an existence in which his only means of expression is to pass the curse on to someone else—specifically, those closest to him. Celie’s extrication from the situation leaves him to ponder his own choices and abilities. Thus, when she returns, she finds an Albert who can cook and clean for himself (—an Albert who collects sea shells and is gentler to those around him (259-260). And she has changed as well—she is successful, communicative, and able to stand on her own two feet (261). It appears that the curse has lifted. But what does this mean for modern readers, especially those young African American readers who still use race as a weapon against one another daily? As with most questions regarding race, there are no simple answers. To use another personal anecdote, I recall teaching a classroom unit on The Power of Words. I asked a group of tenth graders to give me a list of people known for their command of strong language. I heard â€Å"Martin Luther King, Jr!† from a young black woman in the back of the room. â€Å"What was he known for?† I asked, to which she replied proudly and enthusiastically, â€Å"He helped free the slaves.† This ignorance of the basics of our country’s racial history is astounding, but it is an ignorance I encounter weekly. Many young men and women of color have heard the stories of the oppression their immediate ancestors suffered and overcame, but this oppression is so far removed from them that they do not comprehend the meanings and connot ations of the words they use against one another, nor do they fully understand the historical weight of intraracism. The power of Alice Walker’s novel is in its historical testimony. This is one reason that The Color Purple has stood the test of time: it depicts truths that some, such as the above critics, do not want to acknowledge, but it also serves as a testament to the origin of modern intraracism. The interplay between the male victims and their respective female victims is a foreshadowing of the interaction seen in modern youths. By examining the time and the setting of her novel, and the dehumanization associated with that time, perhaps the present generation can come to an understanding of why racially-centered attacks on those closest to them are unacceptable. Perhaps they can break the curse. Works Cited Dole, Carol M. The Return of the Father in Spielberg’s The Color Purple.† Literature-Film Quarterly 24.1 (1996): 12-16. Web. Gedeon, Kimberly. â€Å"Black Artist Wears White Women as ‘Trophy Scarves’ in Bold Statement on Race and Status.† MadameNoire.com. 22 November 2013. Web. 28 November 2013. Hankinson, Stacie Lynn. â€Å"From Monotheism to Pantheism: Liberation from Patriarchy in Alice Walkers The Color Purple.† Midwest Quarterly 38.3 (1997): 320-328. Web. Harris, Trudier. â€Å"On The Color Purple, Stereotypes, and Silence.† Black American Literature Forum 18.4 (1984): 155-161. Web. Hatfield, Edward A. Segregation. New Georgia Encyclopedia. 11 November 2013. Web. 24 November 2013. Jenkins, Candice Marie. â€Å"Queering Black Patriarchy: The Salvific Wish and Masculine Possibility in Alice Walkers The Color Purple.† Modern Fiction Studies 48.4 (2002): 969-1000. Web. Kennedy, Stetson. Jim Crow Guide to the USA: The Laws, Customs, and Etiquette Governing the Conduct of Non-Whites and Other Minorities as Second-Class Citizens. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press, 1990. Web. Kerr, Audrey Elisa. â€Å"The Paper Bag Principle: Of the Myth and the Motion of Colorism.† Journal of American Folklore 118.469 (2005): 271-289. Web. Omalade, Barbara. The Rising Song of African-American Women. New York: Routledge Press, 1994. Web. Robinson, Cynthia Cole. â€Å"The Evolution of Alice Walker.† Women’s Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 38.3 (2009): 293-311. Web. Walker, Alice. The Color Purple. New York: Simon Schuster, 1982. Print. . In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens. Orlando: A Harvest Book Harcourt Inc., 2003. Print.